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NEPALI-ENGLISH & ENGLISH-NEPALI GLOSSARY. While Dzongkha is the national language of Bhutan, Nepali is widely spoken by many of its. The Nepali-English Glossary. The Grammar of Dzongkha, van Driem - Himalayan Languages. Cause this is an English-Dzongkha dictionary with Eng-lish as the main entry and, therefore, all the information ' ) ) Ë ' â The labels for the parts of speech or word class cat-egory for the English headwords are given to help the users in identifying the Dzongkha word classes so that *' Ë ËË Ë Ë Ë &' â+. The Grammar of Dzongkha, van Driem - Himalayan Languages.
Jakar Dzong, representative of the distinct dzong architecture from which Dzongkha gets its name
Dzongkha, or Bhutanese (རྫོà½à¼à½à¼[dzoÅkÊ°a]), is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by over half a million people in Bhutan; it is the sole official and national language of the Kingdom of Bhutan.[4] The Tibetan alphabet is used to write Dzongkha.
The word dzongkha means 'the language of the palace'; dzong means 'palace' and kha is language. As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.[2]
Usage[edit]
Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan (viz.Wangdue Phodrang, Punakha, Thimphu, Gasa, Paro, Ha, Dagana and Chukha).[5] There are also some native speakers found near the Indian town of Kalimpong, once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal.
Dzongkha was declared as the national language of Bhutan in 1971.[6] Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools in Bhutan, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The 2003 Bhutanese film Travellers and Magicians is entirely in Dzongkha.
Writing system[edit]
The Tibetan alphabet used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters, sometimes known as 'radicals', for consonants. Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script, forms of the Tibetan alphabet known as Jôyi 'cursive longhand' and Jôtshum 'formal longhand'. The print form is known simply as Tshûm.[7]
Romanization[edit]
Everstar wine cellar model hdc36ss manually. There are various ways of romanization and transliteration systems for Dzongkha, however all possible systems failed to represent the true phonetic sound.[8] A phonetic transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha, devised by the linguist George van Driem, was adopted as the standard romanization system of Dzongkha by the Bhutanese government in 1991.[6]
Phonology[edit]
Dzongkha is a tone language and has two register tones: high and low.[9] The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel.[10]
Consonants[edit]
All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced.[10]Aspirated consonants (indicated by the superscript h), /ɬ/, and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables.[10] The rhotic /r/ is usually a trill [r] or a fricative trill [rÌ],[9] and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables.[10]
/t, tÊ°, ts, tsÊ°, s/ are dental.[9] Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal.[9][11][10]
Dzongkha English Dictionary Pdf
Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are /m, n, p/.[10] Syllable-final /Å/ is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally.[12][10] Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech.[10] In literary pronunciation, liquids/r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable.[9] Though rare, /É/ is also found in syllable-final positions.[9][10] No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions.
Vowels[edit]
Phonotactics[edit]
Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic.[10] Syllables usually take the form of CVC, CV, or VC.[10] Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate.[10] The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech.[10]
Classification and related languages[edit]
Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocangaca, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha.
Dzongkha bears a close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet.[13] It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan. Although spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are largely mutually unintelligible, the literary forms of both are both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks. Chöke was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools.[14]
Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. 'Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by a distinct set of rules.'[15]
Sample text[edit]
The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Dzongkha in the Tibetan alphabet
Translation
See also[edit]References[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
External links[edit]
Vocabulary[edit]
Grammar[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dzongkha&oldid=911917595'
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